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Download PDF Biomedical Ethics (Opposing Viewpoints)

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Series: Opposing Viewpoints

Paperback: 200 pages

Publisher: Greenhaven Pr; 1 edition (July 1, 2002)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 0737712198

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James (Jim) Gosdin is Senior Vice President and Chief Underwriting Counsel at Stewart Title Guaranty Company in Houston, TX.

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Paperback: 475 pages

Publisher: American Bar Association (August 7, 2016)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 1627227016

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I pre-ordered this as soon as I knew it was being published, all on the strength of The Martian, which I loved. So now I can tell you that Sophomore Slump is a real thing. Artemis isn't a bad book, it's just not a great book. I'm not sure it's always a good book, but I'm up and down about that.As I was beginning it, The Housemate read me a highly critical review by the AV Club. Most of the review was about how the main character didn't feel like a woman. I felt that was relatively unimportant, that gender wasn't an issue in the story as far as I'd read, and honestly I still feel that way. Weir could have made his protagonist male and changed almost nothing about the narrative. Had this book been about women's issues, I might have felt short-changed, but as it is, this is a pretty standard thriller, and representation is way down on the list of things one expects from this genre.However, irony is ironic. When I picked the book up again after hearing the review, I found that it had been close to being right. Not spot-on, just close. None of the characters had any depth for me, mostly they were interchangeable plot devices. Again, that's standard fare in the genre, so I'm willing to shrug and let it go in spite of the fact that I know Weir can create dimensional characters. But what flummoxed me was that the action sequences were so dull. They were highly technical, and where that worked in The Martian, it does not work here.I found myself racing through those parts to get to the human interactions, which if they didn't have the depth I could have hoped for, were at least more interesting than all the tech stuff. I found myself thinking that someone told Weir that "people loved all that technical stuff in The Martian, so maybe you should do it again, and do more of it." Yeah that worked when it was a single man against the elements and ultimately against technology. But here? It's kind of flat. At least that's how it felt to me.So in the end, while I enjoyed parts of it, those parts proved greater than the whole, and I can't be super enthusiastic the way I was about The Martian. That makes me sad. It doesn't mean I won't read the next thing Andy Weir publishes, but I'm not going to be so quick to pre-order it next time.

At heart there's a fun little romp around a hypothetical moon base and a criminal conspiracy. That part is not so bad.My beefs with the novel are threefold:* The author cannot write a convincing woman, at least not from the woman's own perspective. I've never been a woman, but I have been a teenage boy, and I am pretty sure that adult, straight women spend less time thinking about breasts than a teenage boy. The narrator is obsessed.* The libertarian nuttery runs deep in this sucker. Laws against flammable materials are zealously enforced, but pedophilia is perfectly legal, selling drugs to minors is perfectly legal, and unions are basically just thugs who beat you up if you work without the union. (And yet, for some reason, the most skilled workers refuse to join the unions? because it would mean being paid less? who would join a union to make less money?)* Lastly, the economy makes no sense whatsoever. They use a company scrip for currency (in order to evade all the evil banksters on earth!), and the company scrip is "grams safely landed on the moon." Apparently a delivery boy makes 12,000 grams a month. A beer costs about 25 grams. At one point they disclose that a gram is roughly 1/6th of a dollar. Meanwhile, in the real world, it costs about $13 to get a single gram of material into LEO, to say nothing of a transfer to, or soft landing on, the moon. The entire plot hinges on exporting bulk fiberoptic cable from the moon to the earth at a fabulous profit, somehow? I don't know if the author has ever handled fiber optic cabling. It's not lightweight stuff.

Everyone has to make a living somehow. Even on the moon.Jazz Bashara grew up in Artemis, the moon's only human colony. Tourists flock there for the chance to spend their life's savings on a guided tour of the lunar surface-- which involves wondering about in a high tech hamster ball-- and sampling the local delicacy known as Gunk, a flavored algae no one voluntarily eats a second time. But for the full time residents, Artemis is a small town with the same problems as any community. It's the kind of place where everyone knows everyone. And everyone knows Jazz Bashara is up to no good.Jazz has a brilliant mind, but saw more fit to rebel against her traditional Muslim father than to apply it to her future. At 26, she finds herself the lunar equivalent of an errand girl, living in an apartment the literal size of a coffin, and smuggling contraband from earth just to make ends meet. She dreams of the day she'll have a home she can stand up in, and access to non-communal bathroom, but Artemis is expensive. There's a sharp divide between the haves and have-nots: those who can afford to have an earth standard of living shipped into city and those at the mercy of the natural restrictions of living on the moon.So when one of the wealthiest haves, a sketchy businessman who employs Jazz's smuggling skills on the regular, offers her a huge sum to take out a competing business, she takes him up on it. What starts as a complicated, but doable, task quickly spirals out of control. Jazz soon finds herself in the cross hairs of some powerful enemies and discovers Artemis's dirty secrets.Any expectations I had for this book were purely speculative, because, unlike most of the rest of the world, I have not read The Martian or seen the movie. That said, I was surprised 1/3 of the way through to realize I was reading a lightweight heist novel with some heavy handed commentary on wealth inequality. Yes, it's set on the moon, and the author does not let you forget it, but it's the backdrop to the real issue: Jazz needs money.One of the largest problems of this book is Jazz herself. She's supposed to be a grown woman, but she narrates like a teenage boy. She's as obsessed with her sex life as everyone else in Artemis seems to be, and I have to wonder if author Andy Weir has ever met a woman before. She's also really chatty and familiar with the audience in a way that grates over time:"Getting the contraband to Artemis... well, that's another story. More on that later.""Okay, you can stop pretending you know what a niqab is."The whole book has a very YA vibe to it. It's lightweight and the heist gets a bit ridiculous. I mean, they plan out every detail on an ipad-like device that their enemies have proven to be able to hack, but I digress. Between chapters, we get letters between Jazz and her earth penpal that date back to when they are children, but this has little relevance to the story at large and often feels like filler. And we get moments that read like a bad cable movie:"He's right, Dad. I am an jerk. But Artemis needs a jerk right now and I got drafted."Artemis has it's moments. It's fast paced and often fun. The descriptions of the moon colony, and what life might be like were anyone to attempt settling it, are interesting. But if you're expecting anything more of this than a forgettable caper tale, you might be disappointed.

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Ebook Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law, by James Q. Whitman

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Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law, by James Q. Whitman


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Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law, by James Q. Whitman

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"One of Foreign Affairs Best of Books 2017 – Economic, Social, and Environment / Finance""Startling. . . . [Hitler’s American Model] contributes to a growing recognition of American influences on Nazi thought."―Jeff Guo, Washington Post "The uncomfortable truth is that Nazi policy was itself influenced by American white supremacy, a heritage well documented in James Q. Whitman’s recent book Hitler’s American Model."―Sasha Chapin, New York Times Magazine "Every day brings fresh reminders that liberal and illiberal democracy can entwine uncomfortably, a timely context for James Q. Whitman’s Hitler’s American Model. . . . [H]is short book raises important questions about law, about political decisions that affect the scope of civic membership, and about the malleability of Enlightenment values."―Ira Katznelson, The Atlantic "A crucial read right now."―Jelani Cobb "Whitman reminds readers of the subtle ironies of modern history and of the need to be constantly vigilant against racism."―Andrew Moravcsik, Foreign Affairs

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From the Back Cover

"Hitler's American Model is a breathtaking excavation of America's shameful contribution to Hitler's genocidal policies. This book is a profound testament to what the past can teach us about the present and is more timely than Whitman could possibly have imagined when he began this remarkable excursion into our nation's original sin and its surprising European legacy. A brilliant page-turner."--Laurence H. Tribe, Harvard Law School"This is a brilliant, erudite, and disturbing book. By looking at the United States through the eyes of Nazi legal theorists in the 1930s, Whitman contributes to our understanding of this darkest chapter of German legal history. Moreover, he shines a light through this unlikely lens on the worst sins of our own country's past."--Lawrence M. Friedman, author of A History of American Law"In Hitler's American Model, Whitman tells the deeply troubling story of how Nazi lawyers drew inspiration from the American legal system. He offers a detailed and careful reading of how U.S. immigration laws and antimiscegenation legislation gave the Nazi legal establishment the sense of remaining within the boundaries of respectable jurisprudence. Filled with novel insights, this is a particularly timely book given today's political climate."--Jan T. Gross, author of Neighbors"This is a critical book for our difficult times. Whitman forces us to see America through Nazi eyes and to realize how profoundly white supremacy has shaped this country. Chilling in its details, the unsettling insights of Hitler's American Model jump from every page. A must-read!"--Eddie S. Glaude, author of Democracy in Black"This is one of the most engrossing and disturbing pieces of legal history I've read in a long time. Whitman offers a sustained, systematic, and thoughtful look at how Nazi legal theorists and conservative German lawyers drew on American examples when crafting the Nuremberg laws--Germany's contribution to racial madness in the twentieth century. Whitman's book stands apart from, indeed above, everything I've read regarding America's influence on the making of the Nazi state."--Lawrence Powell, Tulane University"This spellbinding and haunting book shatters claims that American laws related to race and segregation had little to no impact on the shaping of Nazi policies. Whitman's readings of the Nuremberg laws and Nazi legal scholarship are astonishing--nimble, sophisticated, and nuanced. Speaking volumes, this book will change the way we think about Jim Crow, Nazis, and America's role in the world."--Daniel J. Sharfstein, author of The Invisible Line: A Secret History of Race in America

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Product details

Paperback: 224 pages

Publisher: Princeton University Press; Reprint edition (September 4, 2018)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 0691183066

ISBN-13: 978-0691183060

Product Dimensions:

5 x 0.5 x 8 inches

Shipping Weight: 6.9 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)

Average Customer Review:

4.5 out of 5 stars

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James Q. Whitman's new book is called Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law. It is understated and overdocumented, difficult to argue with. No doubt some will try.In cartoonish U.S. historical understanding, the United States is, was, and ever shall be a force for good, whereas Nazism arose in a distant, isolated land that lacked any connection to other societies. In a cartoonish reversal of that understanding that would make a good strawman for critics of this book, U.S. policies have been identical to Nazism which simply copied them. Obviously this is not the case.In reality, as we have long known, the U.S. genocide of Native Americans was a source of inspiration in Nazi discussions of expanding to their east, even referring to Ukrainian Jews as "Indians." Camps for Native Americans helped inspire camps for Jews. Anti-Semites and eugenicists and racists in the U.S. helped inspire those in Germany, and vice versa. U.S. bankers invested in the Nazis. U.S. weapons dealers armed them. Nazis borrowed from U.S. propaganda techniques developed in World War I. Admirers in the U.S. of Nazi Germany and fascist Italy attempted at least one coup against President Franklin Roosevelt. The U.S. refused to admit significant numbers of Jewish refugees or to help evacuate them from Germany. The State Department turned down Anne Frank's visa. The coast guard chased a ship of Jews away, sending them back to their fate. Et cetera. We have known all of this.We have known how the U.S. treated African Americans, Japanese Americans, and others at the time of World War II, how it experimented on Guatemalans even during the trials of Nazis for human experimentation, and continued to allow human experimentation in the U.S. for many years. And so forth. The good versus evil cartoon was never real.What Whitman's book adds to the complex story is an understanding of U.S. influences on the drafting of Nazi race laws. No, there were no U.S. laws in the 1930s establishing mass murder by poison gas in concentration camps. But neither were the Nazis looking for such laws. Nazis lawyers were looking for models of functioning laws on race, laws that effectively defined race in some way despite the obvious scientific difficulties, laws that restricted immigration, citizenship rights, and inter-racial marriage. In the early 20th century the recognized world leader in such things was the United States.Whitman quotes from the transcripts of Nazi meetings, internal documents, and published articles and books. There is no doubt of the role that U.S. (state, not just federal) legal models played in the development of the Nuremberg Laws. The 1930s was a time, we should recall, when Jews in Germany and primarily African Americans in the United States were lynched. It was also a time when U.S. immigration laws used national origin as a means of discrimination -- something Adolf Hitler praised in Mein Kampf. It was a time of de facto second-class citizenship in the United States for blacks, Chinese, Filipinos, Puerto Ricans, Japanese, and others. Thirty U.S. states had systems of laws banning interracial marriage of various sorts -- something the Nazis could find nowhere else and studied in comprehensive detail, among other things for the examples of how the races were defined. The U.S. had also shown how to conquer territories of undesirables, such as in the Philippines or Puerto Rico, and incorporate them into an empire but not give first-class citizenship rights to the residents. Up until 1930 a U.S. woman could lose her citizenship if she married a non-citizen Asian man.The most radical of the Nazis, not the moderates, in their deliberations were the advocates for the U.S. models. But even they believed some of the U.S. systems simply went too far. The "one-drop" rule for defining a colored person was considered too harsh, for example, as opposed to defining a Jew as someone with three or more Jewish grandparents (how those grandparents were defined as Jewish is another matter; it was the willingness to ignore logic and science in all such laws that was most of the attraction). The Nazis also defined as Jewish someone with only two Jewish grandparents who met other criteria. In this broadening the definition of a race to things like behavior and appearance, the U.S. laws were also a model.One of many U.S. state laws that Nazis examined was this from Maryland: "All marriages between a white person and a Negro, or between a white person and a person of Negro descent, to the third generation, inclusive, or between a white person and a member of the Malay race or between a Negro and a member of the Malay race, or between a person of Negro descent to the third generation, inclusive, and a member of the Malay race . . . [skipping over many variations] . . . are forever prohibited . . . punished by imprisonment in the penitentiary for not less than eighteen months nor more than ten years."The Nazis of course examined and admired the Jim Crow laws of segregation as well but determined that such a regime would only work against an impoverished oppressed group. German Jews, they reasoned, were too rich and powerful to be segregated. Some of the Nazi lawyers in the 1930s, before Nazi policy had become mass murder, also found the extent of the U.S. segregation laws too extreme. But Nazis admired racist statements from contemporary U.S. pundits and authorities back at least to Thomas Jefferson. Some argued that because segregation was de facto established in the U.S. South despite a Constitution mandating equality, this proved that segregation was a powerful, natural, and inevitable force. In other words, U.S. practice allowed Nazis to more easily think of their own desired practices in the early years of their madness as normal.In 1935, a week after Hitler had proclaimed the Nuremberg Laws, a group of Nazi lawyers sailed to New York to study U.S. law. There, they were protested by Jews but hosted by the New York City Bar Association.U.S. laws on miscegenation lasted, of course, until the 1967 Loving v. Virginia ruling. Vicious and bigoted U.S. policies on immigration and refugees are alive and well today. Whitman examines the U.S. legal tradition, noting much that is to admire in it, but pointing to its political or democratic nature as something that the Nazis found preferable to the inflexibility of an independent judiciary. To this day, the U.S. elects prosecutors, imposes Nazi-like habitual offender (or three-strikes-you're-out) sentences, uses the death penalty, employs jailhouse snitches' testimony in exchange for release, locks up more people than anywhere else on earth, and does so in an extremely racist manner. To this day, racism is alive in U.S. politics. What right-wing dictators admire in Donald Trump's nation is not all new and not all different from what fascists admired 80 or 90 years ago.It's worth repeating the obvious: the United States was not and is not Nazi Germany. And that is a very good thing. But what if a Wall Street coup had succeeded? What if the United States had been bombed flat and faced defeat from abroad while demonizing a domestic scapegoat? Who can really say it couldn't have or still couldn't happen here?Whitman suggests that Germans do not write about foreign influence on Nazism so as not to appear to be shifting blame. For similar reasons many Germans refuse to oppose the slaughter of and mistreatment of Palestinians. We can fault such positions as going overboard. But why is it that U.S. writers rarely write about U.S. influence on Nazism? Why, for that matter, do we not learn about U.S. crimes in the way that Germans learn about German crimes? It seems to me that it is U.S. culture that has gone the furthest overboard into a sea of denial and self-idolatry.

The author, Professor of Comparative and Foreign Law at the Yale Law School, tells us in the Acknowledgments that Princeton U. Press received from some of its referees "suitably bilious responses", validating his decision to bypass commercial publishers. Still, James Q. Whitman assures us time and again that he has nothing nefarious in mind, that Hitler's extermination ideology was not made in the USA, as the title may suggest. Instead, he brings to light the keen scholarly interest nationalist and Nazi German jurists took in contemporary American race legislation and Jim Crow practices. By separating the racist dimension of the "American Legal Realism" of the 1930s from its larger liberal context, Whitman arrives at the true nexus with its German counterpart. The " 'realists' of both countries shared the same eagerness to smash the obstacles that 'formalistic' legal science put in the way of 'life' and politics - and 'life' in both New Deal America and Nazi Germany did not include only economic programs (...). 'Life' also involved racism." (p. 156) The author's familiarity with both, the German and American legal landscapes of the 1930s and 40s and his painstakingly sober analysis, assure this reader that the book is exactly NOT "spellbinding and haunting", as one dust-cover reviewer sees it.The topic could be embedded in the larger history of the American eugenics movement, so carefully illuminated by Christine Rosen (Preaching Eugenics (Oxford, 2004) who cites this opinion of the great Oliver Wendell Holmes, abbreviated in our book: "It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind. Three generations of imbeciles are enough." (p.150)As contemporaries of the Trump era, we may want to stop and reflect on Whitman's somber conclusion "(...) To have a common-law system like that of America is to have a system in which the traditions of the law do indeed have litte power to ride herd on the demands of the politicians, and when the politics is bad, the law can be very bad indeed." (p.159) Professor Whitman summarizes his interpretation of recent literature that support his thesis as follows: "All of these works paint a darker picture of early twentieth-century American intellectual and political life than we might wish. So does this book." Makes it a timely one, doesn't it ?

This is a brilliant study. Just one opening observation is that the reader will learn as much about American legal history as the German NAZI legalisms.The publisher selected title is unfortunate, to say the least. Professor Whitman is not suggesting that American racism, or religious bigotry was a direct inspiration for Nazi race theory, or anti-Semitic bigotry. Nor, as some have suggested, was the American eugenics movement. Eugenics was just a tiny part of the Nazi situation. Stefan Küehl has attributed a larger part to eugenics than anyone I can think of in his 2002 book The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism (Oxford University Press).In fact, the Nazi "Rassen Pope" Alfred Poletz among others was influential in the 1905 founding of the Society for Racial Hygiene (Gesellschaft für Rassenhygiene). Poletz was a believer in Nordic superiority, and he quickly formed a secret group of racists active within the Society. They were strongly influenced by the racial theories of Arthur Comte de Gobineau published in the early 1850s (well before Darwin's books, or the even later Eugenics movement). Gobineau followed the creationist theories of the "pre-Adamites" who went so far as to claim that Negroes had been created on the Genesis fifth day with "other beasts of the field."(More to follow)

One scary little book. I knew some of this, but never saw it all laid out and carefully analyzed before. The book is authoritative and very well written. Very well documented.

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